Since the evaluation of the diversity indicators in consumption of medicinal species by the beneficiary’s households and its driving factors is of utmost importance in marketing, multi-purpose planning of rangelands and sustainable development, a questionary-based study was carried out to determine the diversity indices of medicinal species consumption in settled nomadic communities living under different management and livelihood situations in the rangelands of Dyvaroeieh in Bardsir township, Kerman province, Iran. To this end, the medicinal species consumed by each household (as a study unit) in addition to the diversity indicators of consumption (i.e., dominance coefficient and Shannon-Weiner index) were evaluated under two management sites comprising Rangeland Management Plan (RMP) (i.e.,Dvyaroeieh 1) and the nearest adjacent rangeland without RMP (i.e., Dyvaroeieh 2, as control treatment ) and three livelihood levels (i.e., very poor (<50 million Rials monthly income), poor (50-100 million Rials monthly income) and moderate (100-150 million Rials monthly income)) under factorial test in SPSS software environment. The study's results revealed that both of management and livelihood factors can be applied by manager to increase diversity indices in medicinal plants consumed by beneficiaries. More specifically, management through RMP was more powerful and effective tool in this way. Therefore, it could conceivably be argued that RMP can be considered as a driving factor in increasing the diversity of medicinal plant consumption and also be a suitable platform to meet the needs and demands of rangelands’ beneficiaries in this field.

Background and Aim: Consumption of the epidermis (COE) is defined as thinning of the epidermis with attenuation of the basal and suprabasal layers and loss of rete ridges in areas of direct contact with malignant melanocytes. The aim of this study was to investigate the importance of COE as an additional diagnostic criterion for malignant melanoma and to evaluate its relationship to clinicopathological findings.Methodes: The age, gender, localization of the lesion and the histopathological parameters such as tumor type, Breslow thickness, ulceration, and Clark’s level were recoeded in 90 malignant melanoma cases.Results: In contrast to other studies, we found that COE was more common in tumors with an acral localization and in the acral lentiginous melanoma.Conclusion: Although COE can be used as a pathological criterion in the diagnosis of malignant melanoma, but no correlation no of COE with ulceration and other prognostic factors were found.

In today's world a stable development of a nation that is heast harmful to natural resources and the environment is rare and is therefore of great significance all nations are attempting to establish firm foundations that will not only endure the passage of time but also become stronger day by day resulting in the progress and improvement of the society of mankind, In general to achieve such a goal, undoubtedly, it calls for strict alternation to natural resources and appropriate utilization of these resources. The present study investigates the management of natural resources in the plains of Bashabad, yazd province, in order to achieve correct scientific methods techniques that are helpful in decreasing water consumption and increasing the efficiency of water. Results of this study show that the only source of water consumption in the region is the underground water which at present has led to a full in the Hydrological level in the area due to over consumption, in such a way witnesses annually a 30cm decrease in the underground water level. In order to secure a balance between the decrease in the water level and water consumption we can apply legal measures and achieve a financial aspect by an increase in the cost of water consumed. In addition by executing proper policies for determining the costs we can achieve a stability by changing the pattern of farming (irrigation) because farmers are the significant consumers of water. Despite all kinds of limitations already in the area the amount of water consumption and the efficiency may be helpful in the efficient consumption of water and in return can be helpful in the delay of the crises in water shortage in the region which has become a threat.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) contains an enormous number of sensor nodes deployed in huge numbers which are able to sense, process and transmit environmental data to the base station for plenty of applications. Clustering is one of the important issues for prolonging the network lifetime in wireless sensor networks. It includes grouping of sensor nodes into clusters and selecting cluster heads for all the clusters. Cluster heads collect the data from respective cluster’s nodes and forward the aggregated data to base station. Some important challenges in wireless sensor networks are to find optimal number of clusters, clustering and to select appropriate cluster heads. In this direction, we present a method that includes three phases. At first, the optimum number of clusters is calculated. In the second, clustering is done by use of k-means algorithm. In the last phase, a multi criteria decision-making approach is presented for the selection of cluster heads. This approach is used to select cluster heads based on criteria including residual energy, the distance (the distance from the cluster and the distance from the base station), the number of neighbors (the one-step neighbor and the two-step neighbor), the centrality of the nodes and the number of times a node has been cluster head. We implement the proposed method in the NS2 environment and evaluate its effect and compare it with the NEECP and E-LEACH methods. The simulation results demonstrate that this approach is more effective in prolonging the network lifetime than the NEECP and E-LEACH methods in homogeneous environments.

With the rising number of swimming pools and their users, the amount of energy consumption in the pools has increased significantly. In addition to the negative environmental effects, this issue causes high costs associated with high levels of energy consumption. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to provide solutions for sustainable management of energy consumption in swimming pools. Following analysis of the primary data for this research gathered through semi-structured interviews, a number of solutions are developed for sustainable management of energy consumption in swimming pools. These solutions encompass 6 main themes, namely water, temperature, light, air, materials, monitoring and inspection, which in themselves contain 73 sub-themes. Some of the solutions identified in the research include: using anti-evaporation covers, passive heating of the pool using solar energy, adding thermal insulation to the floor of the pool, using energy-saving underwater lights, using natural light to reduce dependency on artificial lighting, using insulated coatings in materials and equipment, using thermal recycling systems, optimizing air filtration systems, replacing old equipment with new ones and continuously monitoring key water parameters such as PH, chlorine, organic matter, and the amount of microbial density.

The main objective of this study is to determine the effects of mass media on public self-portrayal. Based on the results of the review comments, and review of empirical sources, a conceptual framework and main hypothesis have been proposed. The method of data collection was through use of questionnaires. The statistical population was women in the range 17 to 40 years of age in Baneh City, of which 480 were selected by multistage random sampling. Data was analyzed using SPSS software. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the exposure to mass media and self-portrayal. Women who were exposed to the local media were affected less while women who were exposed to foreign media showed a greater effect on self-portrayal. This data shows a change in cognitive, action and behavior patterns and indicates new trends. The relationship between self-portrayal and age showed a lesser influence when compared to the effects of socio-economic status. The variables in the multivariate analysis: domestic and foreign media exposure, socio-economic status and age, showed the greatest to least relationship with the dependent variable, respectively, and accounted for 40 percent of the overall effect.

Energy carriers as one of the important inputs of production as well as consumer goods of households, play a very important role in determining production costs and household expenditures. Price fluctuations in each of these carriers will cause fluctuations in production costs, consumer spending, and ultimately inflation. The extent of this fluctuation, depending on the importance and share of each carrier, can be examined in the total basket or in the issues of production and consumption. These oscillations can be divided into two parts: "direct load" and "indirect psychological load". Indirect psychological burden shapes the expectations of households and producers, and direct burden reflects the direct impact of price fluctuations. Statistics show that the relative price of energy carriers is lower than the price of other domestically produced goods or energy prices in the region and the world, and this gap between the price of domestic energy carriers compared to world prices has led to its growth over the last decade Accelerate and increase the share of carrier costs in the total consumer basket. Identify the gap between the mentioned variables, the mechanism of presenting corrective or supportive, and institutional policies to reduce the possible negative consequences and put the economy on the path of increasing the efficiency of production factors. This article examines the challenges of managing the consumption of energy carriers in Iran.